Vegetation-Climate Interaction: How Plants Make the Global by Jonathan Adams

By Jonathan Adams

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Sample text

If the leaves are dropped too early, time that could be spent photosynthesizing is wasted. A tree must in e€ect take a gamble as to the best time to drop its leaves, using the best cues that it has available. Usually in temperate deciduous forestsÐas temperatures dip close to freezing in autumnÐthe tree starts to break down the contents of cells in its leaves, and withdraw them back in to be stored in the trunk, branches and roots. A further cue is taken from the declining day length as summer ends.

10. How the greenhouse e€ect works. (a) Visible light from the sun can get through the atmosphere. (b) Some of the infra-red leaving the earth's surface is absorbed and sent back down to earth. Sec. 5 The great heat-transporting machine 15 THE GREAT HEAT-TRANSPORTING MACHINE The decrease in temperature towards the poles forms the basic pattern of the earth's climates. But this pattern is greatly altered by the global circulation of two ¯uids: air and water. Factoring in the circulation of air and water enables us to understand the present-day patterns of climate in more detail.

As you attempt to cool it, the air temperature drops, but nowhere near as fast as you would expect, because the water vapor condensing out as droplets gives o€ heat that keeps the air warm. If it were not for this movement of heat in air masses and ocean currents, the high latitudes would be far colder than they actually are. Heat transport from the tropics ``subsidizes'' the higher latitudes, by as much as 40±60% more than the heat that they get from the sun (and the higher the latitude, the more important this heat subsidy is).

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