By Karl-Erik Thelning
Fine condition
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6 Conversion tables for various scales of hardness All hardness tests are not applicable in all circumstances and conversion tables are very necessary. Such tables have been prepared by institutions such as Jernkontoret, A S T M and E U R O N O R M . 3. 3 C O N V E R S I O N R O C K W E L L Rockwell cAt wen C D I A M O N D O F ( H R C ) A N D P Y R A M I D D I F F E R E N T Diamond C ryramia (HRC) 450 480 51-5 54-5 57-0 59-5 600 610 620 62-5 63-5 64-5 650 65-5 66-5 670 67-5 (HV) 450 500 550 600 650 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 5 ( H V ) T O V A L U E S Shnrp -i p H A R D N E S S S H O R E prior R C 68 72 76 79 83 87 89 91 92 94 95 97 98 100 102 103 105 o U c a j i c ) r a t i o n D 73 78 82 86 90 93 95 96 98 99 100 101 103 104 105 106 — e Standard C 65 69 73 76 80 84 86 88 89 91 92 94 95 97 99 101 — calibration D 67 72 76 80 84 88 90 91 92 94 95 97 98 100 101 103 — MATERIALS TESTING 51 N O T E The conversion H V - S h o r e C (roll calibration) is related to the A S T M hardened alloy steel rolls.
The crystals also contain linear faults termed dislocations. e. at right angles to the plane of the paper. The concept of dislocations helps us to understand and explain many characteristic features of steel, for instance why it is not so strong as it would be if it consisted of a perfect crystal. The following example illustrates this point. 28a the distance between atoms E3 and E4 will increase and the cohesive force between them will decrease. 28b where E4 has now jumped into position D4. 28c.
2) If we put y/(2D) = k we obtain This equation may be regarded as fundamental to most diffusion processes. 23. 23. Dependence of diffusion on time of one hour's diffusion at the beginning of the process and for the same period of time after 10 h. 2 Factors that influence the rate of diffusion Diffusion takes place due to a concentration differential (actually an activity differential) which produces the driving force required for the diffusion process. 3) where J = the a m o u n t of the substance under investigation that passes in unit time through unit area in a plane normal to the x-axis (g/cm s) D = diffusion coefficient (cm /s) c = concentration of the diffusing substance (g/cm ) x = a coordinate (cm) 2 2 3 The diffusion coefficient is very strongly influenced by temperature.