By Gauglitz Vo-Dinh
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Extra info for Handbook of Spectroscopy [2Vols]
Example text
An example of random sampling can be found in the analysis of a heterogeneous solid. The bulk can be ground into a powder and mixed prior to the random removal of aliquots necessary for analysis. The second method for obtaining a representative sample from a heterogeneous object, known as composite sampling, is generally used when the original object to be analyzed is too large for introduction into the analyzing instrument. Representative sampling is also used when the original sample is too large for simple homogenization of the entire object.
It is necessary to have an a priori knowledge of the concentration of the contaminant in the air so that an appropriate impinger size can be selected. It is, of course, vitally important that the solution used in the bubbler does not freeze under the sampling conditions. As in the case of sorbent tubes, breakthrough may pose a problem, particularly if the gas flow rate is too high and an efficient scrubbing of the gas does not occur. To avoid such a problem, two or more bubblers may be placed in series.
Thermal desorption of analytes from sorbents such as Tenax and carbon has the advantage that the entire sample can be used in the analysis. The disadvantage is that one gets only a single chance to analyze the sample, replicate samples are not possible. Smaller sample volumes can, however, be collected. The desorption temperature must be selected carefully to avoid decomposition or pyrolysis of the analytes. If the desired analytes are labile, then thermal desorption is not a viable removal method.