The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920 by Daniel T. Rodgers

By Daniel T. Rodgers

"Rodgers's booklet is a research of ways expertise impacts rules. that's the factor to which Rodgers continually returns: how did women and men react to the economic system of unheard of lots that the 19th-century revolution in energy and machines had produced? . . . this is often definitely . . . some of the most fresh and penetrating analyses of the relation of numerous degrees of 19th-century tradition that it's been my excitement to learn in a protracted time."—Carl N. Degler, technological know-how

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Example text

In New York City, tiny tenement cigar shops competed with factory establishments of several hundred employees. Rural and urban industrial workers differed, the country factory hands often retaining a degree of community power their urban counterparts had lost. The detailed disciplinary codes of the textile mills contrasted with the haphazard management typical of many other mechanized industries. As late as 1889, David A. Wells, one of the nation's leading economists, could depreciate the importance of the factory system altogether and insist that no more than one-tenth of the gainfully employed were properly described as factory hands.

The prudent, penniless beginner in the world labors for wages awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land for himself, then labors on his own account another while, and at length hires another new beginner to help him. .. If any continue through life in the condition of the hired laborer; it is not the fault of the system, but because of either a dependent nature which prefers it, or improvidence, folly, or singular misfortune. "8 It would be difficult to exaggerate the ubiquity of this hirelingto-capitalist formula in the popular literature of the North.

50 But the new forms of toil affected not only manufacturing workers but spread out from the factories as well. In the late 1870s, large-scale production methods invaded agriculture in the wa~e of the rapid mechanization of farm tools. The most famous of the early "food factories," as their critic William G. Moody called them in the 1880s, sprawled over 30,000 acres ofDakota Territory wheat land, and at its peak employed two hundred reapers, thirty steam-powered threshers, and a thousan4 hands to bring in the crop.

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