By Tom Alloway, Greg Wilson, Jeff Graham
Meet SNIFFY, THE digital RAT! utilizing this CD-ROM and lab guide, you'll get a hands-on adventure in developing and carrying out experiments that display the phenomena of classical and operant conditioning utilizing Sniffy the electronic rat. Sniffy contains fifty routines that conceal each significant phenomena ordinarily lined in a Psychology of studying direction. The CD-ROM comes with a Lab guide that walks you thru the stairs essential to organize classical and operant conditioning experiments that heavily resemble the experiments mentioned in studying texts. all through each one, a chain of "Mind home windows" permits you to visualize how Sniffy's studies within the chamber produce mental alterations.
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Extra resources for Sniffy: The Virtual Rat, Pro Version 3.0 , Third Edition
Example text
However, psychological and physiological processes also constitute different levels of explanation (Keller & Schoenfeld, 1950; Skinner, 1938). Thus, we do not need to understand the physiological processes in detail in order to explain learning in psychological terms. To a degree, the relationship between neurophysiological processes and psychological explanations of learning is analogous to the relationship between the electrical activity in your computer’s electronic circuitry and the simulated psychological processes that form the basis for Sniffy’s behavior.
The classical conditioning acquisition procedure consists of repeatedly presenting the CS shortly before the US. As a consequence of this repeated, sequential pairing of the two stimuli, the CS gradually acquires the capacity to elicit a new learned response, which is called the conditioned response (CR). Usually, but not always, the CR resembles the UR in the sense that the CR consists of certain components of the UR. In their early experiments, Pavlov and his associates used food placed in the mouths of food-deprived dogs as the US.
The cumulative record shown in this section depicts bar pressing during the last four trials of the experiment described above. In this case, prior to the classical conditioning experiment, Sniffy had been trained to press the bar in his operant chamber, and his bar-pressing behavior was being maintained on a VR-25 schedule of reinforcement, which means that he had to press the bar an average of 25 times to obtain a pellet of food ■ ■ ■ The characteristics of the cumulative record as a measure of bar pressing and other operantly conditioned behaviors is described in detail in Chapter 10, Exercise 24.