By Wulf Depmeier (auth.), Sergey V. Krivovichev (eds.)
This ebook is a suite of papers which are dedicated to a number of elements of interactions among mineralogy and fabric sciences. it's going to contain reports, standpoint papers and unique study papers on mineral nanostructures, biomineralization, micro- and nanoporous mineral levels as practical fabrics, actual and optical homes of minerals, and so on. Many very important fabrics that dominate smooth technological improvement have been identified to mineralogists for centuries, although their houses weren't totally famous. Mineralogy, nevertheless, wishes new affects for the extra improvement within the line of contemporary clinical achievements reminiscent of bio- and nanotechnologies in addition to through the knowledge of a deep position that details performs within the formation of traditional buildings and definition of typical techniques. it's the concept of this sequence of books to supply an area for interdisciplinary dialogue on minerals as complicated materials.
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Minerals as Advanced Materials II
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In order to perform a complete integration of reflection intensities, PED can be coupled with ADT (Mugnaioli et al. 2009). The resulting data sets proved to be of extremely high quality and in the last 2 years a number of complicate structures have been solved ab initio by direct methods with a fully kinematic assumption (Birkel et al. 2010; Kolb et al. 2010, 2011; Rozhdestvenskaya et al. 2010; Andrusenko et al. 2011; Denysenko et al. 2011). In this chapter we show how ADT/PED data can be used for routine analysis of nano crystalline inorganic materials.
2 Experimental For TEM and ADT investigations samples were dispersed in ethanol using ultrasonic bath and sprayed on a carbon-coated copper grid (Mugnaioli et al. 2009). TEM, STEM and ADT were carried out with a FEI TECNAI F30 S-TWIN transmission electron microscope working at 300 kV. TEM images and electron diffraction patterns were acquired with a CCD camera (14-bit GATAN 794MSC). STEM images were acquired by a FISCHIONE HAADF detector. For structure analysis electron diffraction data were collected using ADT module (Kolb et al.
Under these conditions, nearly all organic and most of inorganic materials suffer a fast deterioration due to beam damage. The necessity to orient the particle in order to record meaningful HRTEM images further increases the exposure time. This may lead to a modification of the crystalline structure or to complete amorphization or sublimation of the sample (Spence 2003; Reimer and Kohl 2008; Kolb et al. 2010). On the contrary, electron diffraction can deliver structural information at a comparable resolution with significantly lower radiation on the sample.