By Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hermann Haken, Professor Dr. Hans Christoph Wolf (auth.)
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Sample text
It may also change when the scattering particles move; thus, one can investigate motional processes of molecules or of functional groups in molecules by measuring the anisotropy of Rayleigh scattering 3. Molecules in Electric and Magnetic Fields ~v I I I \ \ / / _,-'~ Detector ' Scattered intensity Po (l'l) of depolarisation. Thus, one can obtain more information about the structure and motions of molecules. Finally, we mention here the optical activity of some organic molecules. e. circular dichroism.
In general, as mentioned in Sect. 2, the polarisability of a molecule is anisotropic; this means that the quantities s and n vary depending upon the orientation of the molecule relative to a measuring field - for example, the direction of polarisation of a light beam. From a knowledge of the anisotropy of the polarisability, one can thus obtain information about the shape of the molecules. In gases and liquids, the rapid molecular motions cause an averaging over all possible orientations of the molecules relative to the E-vector of the light.
With increasing temperature, the additional degrees of freedom of the rotation are excited, and at still higher temperatures, those of molecular vibrations also contribute to the measured Cv. One can thus draw conclusions about the number and state of motion of the atoms in a molecule even from measurements of its specific heat. Fig. 12. The temperature de- pendence of the specific heat of a gas. The curve corresponds approximately to the hydrogen molecule, Hz. With decreasing temperature, the degrees of freedom of vibrations and rotations are "frozen in" in two steps / 10 7 100 / 1000 / 10000 T(K)- 3.