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Extra info for Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, and Design, Second Edition (Power Electronics and Applications Series)
Sample text
Hybrid vehicles, using current IC engines as their primary power source and batteries/electric motor as the peaking power source, have a much higher operation efficiency than those powered by IC engine alone. The hardware and software of this technology are almost ready for industrial manufacturing. On the other hand, fuel cell vehicles, which are potentially more efficient and cleaner than HEVs, are still in the laboratory stage and it will take a long time to overcome technical hurdles for commercialization.
It is likely that most, possibly even all, designs used dynamic braking by short circuiting or by placing a resistance in the armature of the traction motors. 13 The frequent use of magnetic clutches and magnetic couplings should be noted. Early hybrid vehicles were built in order to assist the weak IC engines of that time or to improve the range of EVs. They made use of the basic electric technologies that were then available. In spite of the great creativity that featured in their design, these early hybrid vehicles could no longer compete with the greatly improved gasoline engines that came into use after World War I.
4a, the leading half of the contact area is loading and the trailing half is unloading. Consequently, the hysteresis causes an asymmetric distribution of the ground reaction forces. 4a. This phenomenon results in the ground reaction force shifting forward somewhat. 2 Pressure distribution in contact area. rolling of the wheel. 4b. The ground reaction force almost completely shifts to the leading half. 4a, and can be expressed as Tr = Pa. 2) To keep the wheel rolling, a force, F, acting on the center of the wheel is required to balance this rolling resistant moment.