By Robert A. Steiner (auth.), Alexander S. Kauffman, Jeremy T. Smith (eds.)
Kisspeptin has been proven to be either valuable and enough for activation of the reproductive axis, in the course of puberty and later in maturity. This makes kisspeptin a basic portion of the reproductive axis. Kisspeptin has been deemed the only so much effective stimulator of GnRH neurons but identified. the significance of kisspeptin has been documented in people in addition to non-human animal versions, starting from monkeys, sheep, and rodents to varied fish species, therefore signifying a hugely conserved nature of its reproductive functionality. Importantly, kisspeptin neurons appear to mediate a number of the regulatory results of different signs, whether or not they are metabolic, circadian, hormonal, or pressure. This areas kisspeptin neurons in a distinct place to be key nodal issues and conduits for conveying various endogenous and exogenous indications to the reproductive axis.
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Extra resources for Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproductive Biology
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Lehman et al. A similar effect of E2 has recently been reported in guinea pigs [30]. It has been argued that the kisspeptin-ir fibers in the ARC arise from the AVPV because E2 stimulates kisspeptin expression in that area, but not the ARC [51]. However, data using dual ICC to identify efferents from ARC kisspeptin cells in rats, sheep, and monkeys indicate that many of the kisspeptin fibers in the ARC arise from cell bodies in this area (see below). Moreover, the dissociation of effects of E2 on kisspeptin expression in AVPV cell bodies and ARC fibers of adult hpg mice is not consistent with these fibers arising from the AVPV in this species [50].
69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. Structure, Synthesis, and Phylogeny of Kisspeptin and its Receptor 25 female rats: implication of axo-axonal regulation of GnRH release. J Neuroendocrinol 23:863–870 Servili A, Le Page Y, Leprince J, Caraty A, Escobar S et al (2011) Organization of two independent kisspeptin systems derived from evolutionary-ancient kiss genes in the brain of zebrafish. Endocrinology 152:1527–1540 Kanda S, Akazome Y, Okubo K, Okamura H, Oka Y (2009) Kisspeptin neurons act closely but indirectly on GnRH 1 neurons via local interneurons but not on GnRH 2 or 3 neurons in medaka.
A high degree of expression of Kiss1r in GnRH neurons is also supported by the 90% of murine GnRH neurons that respond to kisspeptin in slice preparations [13], since this effect is independent of other neural input [13, 102]. Only two other cell types have been examined for possible expression of Kiss1r. Based on dual ISH techniques, kisspeptin neurons in the POA and ARC of the sheep do not contain Kiss1r [86]. On the other hand, ARC POMC neurons in mice most likely do contain Kiss1r because these cells consistently respond to direct application of kisspeptin in slice preparation, even when pharmacologically isolated from other neural inputs [85].