By Brian Evans
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Additional info for IQ and Mental Testing: An Unnatural Science and its Social History
Sample text
Routine psychological testing, for example, had had little impact on education before 1930 and, though it spread rapidly after that date, only about half oflocal authorities in the English and Welsh education system had incorporated it into their selection procedure for secondary schools by 1940. 5 Again, during a period of labour surplus, only a few entrepreneurs in a rather narrow sector of industry and commerce were particularly attuned to the overtures· of industrial psychology. But these are marginal explanations.
Mendelism appeared diametrically opposed to 'blended' inheritance for in simple organisms (such as the pea) inheritance was shown to be particulate and inherited traits discontinuous. Certain traits could not be bred out but were governed by 'recessive' factors. The assumption was quickly made that a large number of physical diseases, and mental and moral defects, were similarly governed by recessive factors. Alcoholism, for example, was attributed to such a physical factor. Moreover, the gametic material controlling the incidence of physical, mental and moral degeneracy was assumed to be the peculiar heritage of the poorest, yet most prolific strata of the population.
Although the methods discussed above have been used by philosophers of science to have some fun at the expense of Marxist historiographers, psychoanalysts, and astrologers, the methods have their shortcomings. As Paul Feyerabend36 has shown at length, all characterisations of scientific method are either too rigid, in that they would exclude some undisputed scientific achievements, notably the Copernican revolution, or too loose, in that they would permit the inclusion of many activities which no one would characterise as science.