By Paul A Putnam
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A summary of the discoveries of the amino acids is shown in Table 2. Vickery and Schmidt (1931) reviewed the early history of the discovery of the amino acids. Until all of the essential amino acids were known and available, it was not possible to make carefully defined purified diets that were needed to discover the vitamins and essential trace mineral elements (McCay, 1973). Escher, in studies with dogs, found in 1850 that a deficiency of gelatin could be corrected by tyrosine. In 1857, Voit found, contrary to Liebig's view, that muscular work did not increase protein metabolism in a dog if adequate energy was available.
The purpose of the ARS is to provide research information for solving food and agri- History of the Development of Animal Nutrition 49 cultural problems of broad scope and of high national priority. This service has a major internal research program and also supports, through cooperative agreements, significant amounts of research at the land-grant colleges. In addition, the department supports research via the competitive grants program, which is open to most institutions con ducting agriculturally related research.
Lavoisier (with Laplace) determined the oxygen and carbonic acid involved in the respi ration of a guinea pig in an ice calorimeter and explained the role of oxygen in heat production in 1780. In studies with a human in 1787, they found that the intensity of oxidation depended on food, environ mental temperature, and mechanical work. In 1849, Regnault and Reiset studied animals in a bell jar, a closed circuit respiration apparatus. Voit (1831-1908), the father of metabolic research, with Pettenkofer developed a respiration apparatus sufficiently large for a dog or a human.