By Ron Hogervorst
Design of Low-Voltage, Low-Power CMOS Operational Amplifier Cells describes the idea and layout of the circuit components which are required to achieve a low-voltage, low-power operational amplifier. those parts comprise constant-gm rail-to-rail enter levels, class-AB rail-to-rail output phases and frequency repayment tools. a number of examples of every of those circuit components are investigated. moreover, the booklet illustrates numerous silicon realizations, giving their dimension effects.
The textual content makes a speciality of compact low-voltage low-power operational amplifiers with reliable functionality. Six basic high-performance class-AB amplifiers are learned utilizing a truly compact topology making them quite compatible to be used as VLSI library cells. the entire designs can use a provide voltage as little as 3V. one of many amplifier designs dissipates purely 50µW with a team spirit achieve frequency of 1.5 MHz. A moment set of amplifiers run on a provide voltage somewhat above 1V. The amplifiers mix a low energy intake with a achieve of a hundred and twenty dB. additionally, the layout of 3 totally differential operational amplifiers is addressed.
Design of Low-Voltage, Low-Power CMOS Operational Amplifier Cells is meant for pro designers of analog circuits. it's also appropriate to be used as a textual content ebook for a sophisticated path in CMOS operational amplifier design.
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Additional info for Design of Low-Voltage, Low-Power Operational Amplifier Cells
Example text
In order to achieve this, an N-channe1 and a P-channel input pair can be placed in parallel, as shown in figure 3-4 [7]. The N-channel input pair, MJ-M4 , is able to reach the positive supply rail while the P-channel one, M rM2, can sense common-mode voltages around the negative supply rail. In order to ensure a full rail-to-rail common-mode input range, the supply voltage of the rail-to-rail input stage has to be at least Vsup ,min = V Sgp + V gsn + 2 V d sat (3-11) as follows from figure 3-4.
The next section describes the design of such an input stage. 3 Rail-to-rail input stage The input stage of an amplifier intended for use in a voltage-follower configuration has to have a common-mode input range which extends from rail to rail. In order to achieve this, an N-channe1 and a P-channel input pair can be placed in parallel, as shown in figure 3-4 [7]. The N-channel input pair, MJ-M4 , is able to reach the positive supply rail while the P-channel one, M rM2, can sense common-mode voltages around the negative supply rail.
In order to obtain a constant transconductance, the translinear loop is biased such that equation 3-30 matches expression 3-27 . ~_--L_-::-'-::----''-------::-':------;;'-:---::-':----J'-tIVSS Ib6 41ref 4lref Rail-to-rail input stage with gm control by a square root circuit. current, Iref The current through M16 is made equal to the tail current of the N-channel input pair. To achieve this, the current switch M 13 together with current source I b4 measure the tail current of the N-channel input pair, and feeds this via M 19 into M 16• The translinear loop forces a current into M}7 which obeys equation 3-30.