By Nuno Pereira
This ebook makes a speciality of the layout of a third Order CT-ΣΔM the place the integrator levels of the clear out are carried out with Bipolar-Junction Transistors (BJT) differential pairs. those circuits are totally analyzed and the layout process is punctiliously defined. The layout strategy is tested via experimental measurements of numerous prototype circuits.
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Extra info for Design and Implementation of Sigma Delta Modulators (ΣΔM) for Class D Audio Amplifiers using Differential Pairs
Sample text
It is composed of an initial integrator stage followed by a local resonator stage. A block diagram of this circuit is shown in Fig. 21. Notice the inclusion of another feedback loop that originates the local resonator stage. Fig. 21 3rd Order 1-bit CT-ΣΔM (CRFB) 2 This value presented itself as the most suitable for reducing the inherent noise of the circuit board. 5 Simulation Results of the ΣΔM with Differential Pairs 45 Fig. 22 Output spectrum of the 1-bit CRFB architecture obtained with electrical simulations (216 points FFT using a Blackman-Harris window) Fig.
Recurring to a Karnaugh map, it’s easy to obtain the correspondent boolean expressions of each switch. Thus: These boolean expressions (Eq. 21) comprise several logic operations (AND, OR and NOT). In order to avoid having a wide array of different integrated circuits (ICs), all these expressions can be achieved through the use of the NAND logic equivalent. So, the proposed new encoding logic is the one presented in Fig. 4 3 Implementation of the ΣΔM Feedback Circuitry for a Fully Differential Architecture In a fully differential architecture, the feedback path can be simply implemented by a pair of resistors (one for each voltage of the differential signal) placed between the circuit output and the input of each integrator stage (when in a feedback structure).
One of the downsides of the BJT Differential Pair is that if several of them are connected in a cascade manner, the output common mode DC voltage will increase up until the point where the BJTs will be unable to behave as desired (in the active region). This would render the Differential Pair useless when connecting several of them in cascade. Therefore, a complementary version of the NPN version of the BJT Differential Pair is needed, based on PNP BJT’s, as shown in Fig. 4. Through proper sizing, an increase of the output common mode DC voltage of the NPN Differential Pair is cancelled by the decrease of the output common mode DC voltage of the PNP Differential Pair, thereby preventing saturation.