By Geoffrey Sockett (auth.)
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Additional resources for The Online Informal Learning of English
Example text
The most frequent form of written interaction in English according to the learners surveyed in these studies remains social networking sites, such as Facebook, Myspace and Twitter, which were in a phase of rapid growth in France in 2009. 7 compares the proportion of learners involved in social networking in English in 2009 and 2012. While regular and frequent users of social networks in English account for only 27%–30% of respondents in the two samples, it is interesting to observe that this implies the existence of actual relationships of some kind with other English users around the world, the consequent use of language for pragmatic purposes.
In arguing that learning is construction based, Ellis draws on many related theories in linguistics around the notion of construction grammar. These perspectives (Goldberg 1995, Langacker 1986, Legallois and François 2006, Sinclair 1991) consider that constructions are the basic elements of language and that they are learned from their repeated usage in the speech community. These constructions may be groups of words which frequently occur together such as “as soon as” or even “and it is the” and are not necessarily idioms like “to strike while the iron is hot”.
The hundreds of different inputs and interactions at play in OILE may be an example of this type of attractor. Thirdly, co-adaptation phenomena are considered important in DST. These are events in which different elements in the system evolve together, allowing unexpected outcomes to emerge from these complex interactions. In Chapter 4, ‘Measuring language acquisition from informal activities’, we will describe examples of these phenomena in OILE, including the way in which native users of a thematic forum change their practises to accommodate discussions involving non-natives and the way in which learners develop new ways of using on-demand music services and lyrics websites simultaneously to facilitate comprehension.