Physics Reports vol.313

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The crack may choose to travel along such lines. According to this criterion, there are two critical speeds, a "rst at which the crack must choose between three possible directions, and a second at which it must choose between "ve possible directions. This proposal is perfectly reasonable, but there is no argument or experimental test that has shown it is to be preferred to other proposals. One rationale for all these models is the idea that microscopic voids ahead of the crack would tend to initiate growth near the edge of the process zone.

Marder / Physics Reports 313 (1999) 1}108 glass and brittle polymers. Its precision is only limited by the ultrasonic frequency used (typically in the MHz range) and the precision of the surface measurement. A disadvantage of this method relative to other techniques is that the method is a perturbative one, since the de#ection of the crack is accomplished by altering the stress "eld at the crack tip. ects. 4. Measurements of heat generation and the temperature rise near a crack As fracture occurs, a moving crack transforms the elastic energy stored in the elastic "eld of a material to either kinetic energy, the breaking of bonds or to heat.

Although the interface did weaken the PMMA, the re-healed material used still had between 40 and 70% of the strength of the virgin material. Fracture was performed by impulsively loading the faces of an initial `seeda crack by means of the electromagnetic loading technique "rst introduced by Ravi-Chandar and Knauss. Using an interferometer together with a high-speed rotating mirror camera, interferograms of the crack tip were recorded at 20 s intervals. 9c were observed. 5 mm apart across the sample.

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