By Rowland S. Benson
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Additional resources for Internal Combustion Engines. A Detailed Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Spark and Compression Ignition Engines, Their Design and Development
Example text
48) ^ ^ so that only one set of coefficients are required. 49) Τ rev where dS is the entropy change associated with an energy transfer dQ at temperature T. 50) BASIC THERMODYNAMICS AND GAS DYNAMICS 33 Substituting for dq from the first law for a closed system, ds = d£jL£^ . 51) dT. 55) For an isentropic process ds = 0 and C pv ^ = constant. 56) For gases with constant specific heats, the ratio C /C^ is the isentropic index κ. ^ Hence pv"^ = constant. 57) = constant. 60) For the general case of e = e(T), h = h(T) the usual form of the second law is since dh = Cp dT.
Another way of looking at dissociation is to consider the rate of the forward and backward reactions. Consider the reaction A + Β ^ C + D. 149) where k^ and k^^ are called the reaction velocities. 150) where ( ) represents the molar concentration in mols per unit volume. The rate of formation of A or Β is given by k^(C)(D). 151) The rate of dissociation of A or Β due to the forward reaction is -k^(A)(B). 153) . By combining the forward and backward rates of the reaction we can obtain the net rate of formation of the reactants A, B, C and D.
5) rate of heat release (Fig. 8) ratio of specific heats ^y^I^ thermal efficiency 52 Air standard cycles are well covered in numerous undergraduate texts on thermodynamics and it is not the intention to repeat such information extensively here. Some knowledge of them is, however, useful as an introduction to the more detailed calculations of engine cylinder pressure diagrams developed later; they can also give an insight into some of the important parameters influencing engine performance. Practical engineers use these cycles to provide a short description of real engines.