By John Kiger
A winery Odyssey is an interesting saga of wine—the trip from vine to bottle—that takes the reader on a travelogue of the various risks that lie alongside the best way. John Kiger tracks the nefarious denizens of the winery international: the host of bugs, fungi, micro organism, and viruses, besides the feathered and bushy critters, that lurk in vineyards. All are in a position to sabotaging a promising classic correct less than the nostril of an unsuspecting grower. but instead of responding with poisonous chemical substances, Kiger explains how an natural method of cultivation can triumph over or at the very least include them. Highlighting the various risks of nature that lie hidden in any classic, the writer tells the tale of a winegrower and an natural philosophy that publications the once a year fight to coax nice wine from a steep hillside and some thousand vines. Combining heritage, technology, know-how, and private adventure, this ebook vividly brings to existence the hard-fought battles at the back of the wines we savor.
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Additional resources for A Vineyard Odyssey: The Organic Fight to Save Wine from the Ravages of Nature
Sample text
A second report3 stated that the potassium salts of cis- and trans-b chlorocinnamic acid (1b) and (2b), respectively, were decarboxylated in water at 120°C, the former faster than the latter. These reports clearly indicated that vinyl halides do react in water when suitably substituted. A detailed investigation of these and related reactions was therefore undertaken4. The study confirmed that salts of cis-b-bromo and cis-b-chlorocinnamic acids (1a) and (1b), respectively, led to phenylacetylene (3) when heated in aqueous solution.
The application of these more recent, modern techniques to vinyl cations along with the more traditional methods of solvolysis and electrophilic addition to alkynes and allenes has provided new and interesting insights into the nature and reaction chemistry of dicoordinated carbocations. This new understanding in turn allowed the synthetic organic chemist to use vinyl cations in both synthetic transformations and natural product synthesis. Hence, it was time to summarize all these advances and new developments in dicoordinated carbocations and we hope that the present monograph fulfills this purpose.
The reaction products of the bromodienes 24 to 29 confirmed the presence of two electrophilic centers in the mesomeric cation 30. Thus, in 80% ethanol the 4-ethoxyallenes 34 were the main products along with varying amounts of the alkenynes 32 and the a, b-unsaturated ketones 33, the latter being formed via the enol 35. In the case studies described so far the intermediate vinyl cations were assumed to possess a linear sp configuration 36, where R represents an aryl group or a second double bond.