By Miguel Tinker Salas
One of the most sensible ten oil exporters on the earth and a founding member of OPEC, Venezuela presently offers eleven percentage of U.S. crude oil imports. but if the rustic elected the fiery populist flesh presser Hugo Chavez in 1998, tensions rose with this key buying and selling associate and family were strained ever when you consider that.
during this concise, obtainable addition to Oxford's What all people must recognize® series, Miguel Tinker Salas -- a local of Venezuela who has written broadly in regards to the kingdom -- takes a largely chronological technique that focuses particularly on oil and its results on Venezuela's politics, economic climate, tradition, and diplomacy. After an introductory part that discusses the legacy of Spanish colonialism, Tinker Salas explores the "The period of the Gusher," a interval which started with the invention of oil within the early 20th century, encompassed the mid-century improvement and nationalization of the undefined, and ended with a transformation of presidency in 1989 in keeping with common protests. The 3rd part offers an in depth dialogue of Hugo Chavez-his upward push to strength, his household political and monetary regulations, and his high-profile forays into foreign relations-as good as surveying the present panorama of Venezuela within the wake of Chavez's loss of life in March 2013. prepared in a question-and-answer structure that permits readers to go looking subject matters of specific curiosity, the ebook covers questions reminiscent of, who's Simón Bolívar and why is he referred to as the George Washington of Latin the United States? How did the invention of oil switch Venezuela's courting to the united states? What forces the place at the back of the coups of 1992? and the way does Venezuela engage with China, Russia, and Iran?
Informative, attractive, and written by means of a number one professional at the kingdom, Venezuela: What every person must understand® offers an authoritative advisor to an more and more very important participant at the international stage.
What everybody must Know® is a registered trademark of Oxford collage Press.
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One of the best ten oil exporters on the planet and a founding member of OPEC, Venezuela at present offers eleven percentage of U. S. crude oil imports. but if the rustic elected the fiery populist baby-kisser Hugo Chavez in 1998, tensions rose with this key buying and selling associate and kinfolk were strained ever considering the fact that.
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Additional info for Venezuela: What Everyone Needs to Know®
Example text
To preserve their ranks, white elites practiced endogamy, subjecting young girls to early marriage to protect family property and social standing. 5 percent of the colonial population. Miscegenation produced a large number of free people of mixed race, including mestizos, the byproduct of intermixing between Europeans and the indigenous population, and pardos, generally referring to people with African and European heritage. The mere existence of free pardos and mestizos in this colonial society served as a testament that, when it came to matters of sex, Spanish and criollo male elites did not seem to be bothered by skin color.
A colonial export economy took shape in the late eighteen century, focusing on mining, indigo, coffee, hides, and, increasingly, cacao beans. Economic activity exhibited regional characteristics, with coffee production centered in the west, among the Andean mountain range and the piedmont region; cattle production flourishing in the expansive llanos and eastern plains; and cacao and dyes produced in the central valleys. The quality of Venezuelan cacao gained renown and found markets in Europe and in Mexico.
The absence of a hegemonic political or economic project and a dominant class able to exert control heightened the influence of independence era military leaders and regional caudillos, elevating them as arbiters of national politics. Those in power throughout the nineteenth century also sought to alter social and racial conditions by promoting European immigration to Venezuela. Likewise, with little or no alternative, colonial era economic relations, in many cases dependent on a single crop (mono-export economies), deepened after independence.