Understanding Structures: Analysis, materials, design by Derek Seward (auth.)

By Derek Seward (auth.)

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Extra info for Understanding Structures: Analysis, materials, design

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Uniformly distributed loads are dealt with in more detail in chapter 4. 0 m Comments: 1. 1 Ob is wrong and that the plank must be held down to prevent it from tipping. 2. 10b that the supports to the plank are again shown as a roller and a pin. This is of little significance when all the loads are vertical, but we will see in the next section that it is important with non-vertical loads. 10b The structural model of the plank 25 26 Understanding Structures . 8 m If a structure is loaded by horizontal or inclined loads then we cannot assume that the support reactions are simply vertically upwards.

Because of this ignorance they tend to be used with fairly high material safety factors. As research into their properties and use advances we would expect these factors to come down. We could also perhaps talk about a fourth category of old materials. Materials such as cast iron and wrought iron are now no longer used, but the designer may occasionally be faced with the problem of assessing the strength of old structures containing them. Stronger and cheaper alternatives have now been found for both of these examples, and cast iron possesses the unfortunate property of being brittle and hence unpredictable in tension.

Vinylester and epoxy resins are the most resistant. 21. If it is bent beyond its yield point and then back again, only once, it will not suffer any reduction in strength. ) If, however, this is repeated several times it will break. This is a fatigue failure and is caused by fluctuations in stress. If the paperclip had been bent gently so that it stayed within its elastic range it could still suffer a fatigue failure, but the number of cycles required would be very much greater- say a million! Fatigue failure is caused by small cracks which gradually propagate through the material with each stress cycle.

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