By R. Durbin (Eds.)
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Sample text
1 9 7 5 ) , Curvularia lunata, 2 5 ° 30°C (Macri and V i a n e l l o , 1976), and Phyllosticta may dis t o x i n , 19°C ( Y o d e r , 1973). For m a n y of these f e r m e n t a t i o n s , the o p t i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e for toxin production is not the same as the o p t i m u m for g r o w t h . 2. Production 2. and Isolation 33 pH T h e p H of a culture m e d i u m is usually not constant t h r o u g h o u t a fermentation, and the c h a n g e s that o c c u r are highly d e p e n d e n t on the c o m p o s i t i o n of the m e d i u m .
Sulfur as a c o m p o n e n t of a m i n o acids and v i t a m i n s ; and most of the other ions as cofactors in e n z y m a t i c p r o c e s s e s ) . B e c a u s e of the u b i q u i t o u s r e q u i r e m e n t of microorg a n i s m s for m o s t of these ions for g r o w t h , the effects they might have on secondary m e t a b o l i t e p r o d u c t i o n are generally associated with variations in ion concentration rather than the p r e s e n c e or a b s e n c e of a particular ion.
A. Isolation from Culture 1. Initial Concentration O n e of the simplest initial isolation steps, if o n e is fortunate e n o u g h to work with a n o n p o l a r toxin, is the extraction of the toxin from culture filtrates, supernatant s o l u t i o n s , or the cells t h e m s e l v e s with o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s . In g e n e r a l , the least polar solvent that will extract the toxin will give the greatest purification because most biological c o m p o u n d s tend to be rather polar.