By Christian Reichardt, Thomas Welton
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Extra resources for Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry (Fourth, Updated and Expanded Edition)
Example text
145 kJ/mol (5 . . 35 Fig. 2-4a. Three types of circular hydrogen bonds: (a) homodromic, (b) antidromic, and (c) heterodromic hydrogen bonds [193]. 20 2 Solute-Solvent Interactions kcal/mol)*). For comparison, covalent single bonds have dissociation enthalpies of 210 . . 420 kJ/mol (50 . . 100 kcal/mol). Thus, normal hydrogen bonds are approx. ten times weaker than covalent single bonds, but also approx. ten times stronger than the nonspecific intermolecular interaction forces. The question as to whether or not a hydrogen bond is stronger than the equivalent deuterium bond is addressed in reference [321]: the D-bond seems to be somewhat stronger than the H-bond in the case of neutral hydrogen-bonded complexes, but the reverse is true for charged complexes.
For the calculation of quadrupole moments for water and some organic solvents, which are experimentally not available, see reference [415]. 3 Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces [32] The electric dipole of a molecule possessing a permanent dipole moment m can induce a dipole moment in a neighbouring molecule. This induced moment always lies in the direction of the inducing dipole. Thus, attraction always exists between the two partners, which is independent of temperature. The induced dipole moment*) will be bigger the larger the electronic polarizability a of the apolar molecule experiencing the induction of the permanent dipole.
2-5). U ion-induced dipole ¼À 1 ð4p Á e 0 Þ Á 2 z2 Á e2 Á a 2 Á r4 ð2-5Þ The importance of both of these interactions is limited to situations such as solutions of dipolar or ionic compounds in nonpolar solvents. 4 Instantaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces [33, 34, 186] Even in atoms and molecules possessing no permanent dipole moment, the continuous electronic movement results, at any instant, in a small dipole moment m, which can fluctuatingly polarize the electron system of the neighbouring atoms or molecules.