Small Developing Countries and Global Markets: Competing in by Walter Kennes (auth.)

By Walter Kennes (auth.)

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He demonstrates that the positive correlation between openness and growth in the 1970s and 1980s disappears in the 1950s and 1960s and becomes negative in the 1920s and 1930s. His explanation for these startling observations is that for a country, openness pays off mainly when the rest of the world is also open. The policy rationale is that openness, when others are closed, increases vulnerability to external shocks. Vamvakidis also adds a regional perspective. Countries that are near to other open economies tend to grow faster than those having closed neighbours.

A simple graph can clarify the main point. Consider the case of a market of a single product in a small country. The item is not produced in the country. Protection, in the form of tariffs, is generally paid for by consumers through higher prices, while the government receives the tariff revenue. 1, based on Corden (1974), the world market price is at level OC. The small country can import whatever quantity it wishes at that price. It is further assumed that the exchange rate is in equilibrium so that the import price can be considered to reflect the true social cost of imports.

Services liberalization is closely linked to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). As of the early 1990s, roughly 60 per cent of FDI flows were related to service activities (Hoekman and Kostecki 1995). The GATS commitments made by individual countries give a signal to investors. However, because developing countries have made such limited commitments, this is likely to have a small impact on the FDI flows they receive. Anti-dumping Anti-dumping measures are permitted under Article VI of the GATT. They can be imposed on goods exported at prices lower than those charged in the home market where the effect is to cause injury to an industry in the importing country.

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