By Matthew Soberg Shugart
Lately renewed recognition has been directed to the significance of the position of institutional layout in democratic politics. specific curiosity has involved constitutional layout and the relative advantages of parliamentary as opposed to presidential structures. A digital consensus has shaped round the argument that parliamentary platforms are best total to presidential structures, due principally to the lack of strength to the administrative and meeting in presidential platforms. during this e-book, the authors systematically examine the strengths and weaknesses of assorted varieties of presidential structures, drawing on fresh advancements within the theoretical literature approximately institutional layout and electoral principles. They increase a typology of democratic regimes which are based round the separation of powers precept, together with hybrid varieties, the premier-presidential and president-parliamentary structures, they usually overview a few other ways of balancing powers among the branches inside those simple frameworks. additionally they show that electoral ideas are significantly very important in choosing how authority might be exercised inside of those structures, describing the variety of electoral principles that may be instituted and the consequences they've got at the form of get together platforms, at the political schedule, and at the clients for cooperation among presidents and assemblies.
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Additional resources for Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics
Sample text
Even majoritarianism may be an insufficient description of the extent to which presidentialism distorts the proportional representation of voters' choices in the executive, where M = 1. Adherents of PR will point out that no presidential election - even the biggest landslide - begins to approximate a proportional representation of voter preferences. Since the winner by definition wins 100% of the seats when only one seat is at stake, deviation from proportionality (Loosemore and Hanby 1971) is 100% minus whatever share of votes the victor received.
Defining regimes with elected presidents 23 PREMIER-PRESIDENTIALISM A premier-presidential regime is, as its name implies, one in which there is both a premier (prime minister), as in a parliamentary system, and a popularly elected president. 8 Duverger's concern is primarily with the nature and performance of the French Fifth Republic. He describes this regime as alternating between presidential and parliamentary phases, according to whether the assembly majority supports the president or not, instead of as an intermediate institutional arrangement somewhere between presidentialism and parliamentarism.
This latter point, the extent of legislative powers in the hands of the president, affects the policy content of a presidential system's legislative process more than the degree to which executives are responsible to their own parties. Additionally, the more the president is given substantial legislative authority, the more the outcome of conflicts between the assembly and executive is skewed in favor of the latter. Further, many presidential democracies have inherited constitutions from an authoritarian period and those constitutions were developed at the service of a dictator.