Phasing out lead from gasoline: worldwide experience and by Magda Lovei

By Magda Lovei

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327 Valdés and Schaeffer in collaboration with Martín, Surveillance of Agricultural Price and Trade Policies: A Handbook for Paraguay No. 328 De Geyndt, Social Development and Absolute Poverty in Asia and Latin America No. 329 Mohan, editor, Bibliography of Publications: Technical Department, Africa Region, July 1987 to April 1996 No. 330 Echeverría, Trigo, and Byerlee, Institutional Change and Effective Financing of Agricultural Research in Latin America No. 331 Sharma, Damhaug, Gilgan-Hunt, Grey, Okaru, and Rothberg, African Water Resources: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development No.

1991). 4 gradients, respectively (Hertzman, 1996). S. 3. 0mg/m3. 2mg/dl in children, respectively. 9 be used for calculating the effects of lead in the ambient air on blood lead levels. Established statistical relationships between ambient lead concentrations and blood lead levels, and between blood lead levels and children's IQ, suggest that a 1 mg/m3 increase in ambient airborne lead concentrations can be connected to an approximately 1 IQ point mean decrement in exposed children. Based on a review of studies, Ostro (1994) has also estimated the relationship between ambient airborne lead levels and the cardiovascular impacts of lead on adults, including hypertension, heart attacks, and premature deaths.

In response to increasing epidemiological evidence about the impacts of lead, the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) gradually lowered the level of lead in blood, over which medical intervention is necessary, from over 60mg/dl before 1975 to 30mg/dl in 1975; 25mg/dl in 1985; and 10mg/dl in 1991. Although 10mg/dl is currently considered a limit for concern,no threshold has been identified under which the adverse effects of lead on children or adults cannot be detected (Schwartz, 1994b).

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