By George E. Keller II
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Rapid expansion in number of uses commercialized. Acceptance by plants. " 3 Optimization Technology becomes standardized to one or a very few embodiments. Fil1-in-thegaps research. Slowdown in the rate of improvement. Many large-scale uses but sharp decline in the rate of applications to new uses. Stage 56 Technological Maturity of Sorption Processes and Sorbents Table I I I . 5 cm Phase angle: 45° (short-stroke piston leads) Adsorbent: 83 g of 13X molecular sieve, 40x80 mesh Feed pressure: 200 KPa Cycle frequency: 30 rpm Technological Maturity of Sorption Processes and Sorbents Stage 1 Discovery/ Innovation Stage 3 Optimization Effort Figure 1 .
Temperature-Swing Adsorption (TSA). TSA (see Figure 3), which can be practiced with both liquid and gas feeds, is usually only practical when the adsorbate is a small percentage (usually less than about 10 weight percent) of the stream. This is because turnaround times for such processes can range from several hours to over a day, and only when the adsorbate concentration in the feed is low can the on-stream time be a significant fraction of the total cycle time. The heat expended in desorbing the adsorbate is also usually several times the heat of vaporization of the adsorbate.
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