Network Protection and Application Guide: Protective Relays, by Simon Richards, Steve Potts, Graham Elliott, Michael

By Simon Richards, Steve Potts, Graham Elliott, Michael Bergstrom, Michael Bamber

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Frank M. Starr, Proc. E. Vol. 51. 1932, pp. 287-298. 3-14 © 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid. Chapter 3˜Fundamental Theory © 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.

36 c. 37 d. 14(a). 14(c), together with typical values of impedances. A fault is assumed at A and it is desired to find the currents in branch OB due to the fault. u. 373. 68: . 14, the current in the fault branch is I a V . 15. © 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid. 5 volts and is taken as the reference vector.

15(d). 2] follows from the reasoning that since the self-impedance of any circuit is independent of all other circuits it need not appear in any of the mutual branches if it is lumped as a radial branch at the terminals. 15(d). 6 IMPEDANCE NOTATION It can be seen by inspection of any power system diagram that: x several voltage levels exist in a system x it is common practice to refer to plant MVA in terms of per unit or percentage values x transmission line and cable constants are given in ohms/km Before any system calculations can take place, the system parameters must be referred to ‘base quantities’ and represented as a unified system of impedances in either ohmic, percentage, or per unit values.

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