By David Nachmansohn
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Additional resources for Molecular Biology. Elementary Processes of Nerve Conduction and Muscle Contraction
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So far, we have dealt with a biological energy transfer in a descriptive manner, using the noncommittal ~ sign for pre liminary energy localization. A pointer toward a more precise definition of the chemical meaning of this type of group activa tion seems to be offered, as discussed by Ingold (14), by an A FORMULATION O F BIOLOGICAL USE OF ENERGY 45 apparently rather common reaction that occurs when acetic or similar anhydrides are dissolved in an anhydrous solvent with sulfuric acid. Conductometric measurements show that the anhydride, when dissolved with sulfuric acid, forms completely ionized acylium monosulfate (15) and organic acid: Ο Ο Ο Ο RCOCR + H S 0 -> RC + HS0 ~ + RCOH + 2 4 4 (5) This solution, containing the free acylium ion, is a most potent acylation reagent.
To summarize the situation, the group that is to be brought to reaction in a sequence of activation and transfer, obviously changes character from passive to active, or from substrate to reagent. In our example, in the first step acetate is the sub strate and energy acceptor and the phosphoryl of ATP is the reagent and energy donor. In the second step, the phosphoryl acetate of the first step now becomes the reagent, acetyl phos phate. The over-all effect is the conversion of acetate to reactive acetate.
Pt. I 89, 1 0 ( 1 9 5 5 ) ] . of a protein molecule for which the amino acid sequence had been determined. The relative positions of the backbone chain and ß-carbon atoms could then be evaluated precisely. More pertinently for our discussion, a model could be made. Let us suppose further that there was evidence that the active site of the protein resided somewhere within this region and 54 BARBARA W. LOW that we wished to investigate the probable nature of the active site-substrate interaction.