L'art de la sculpture - Искусство скульптуры by John Plowman

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This is, for example, the popular idea of ‘Brussels governs’. It has given rise to an enormous body of literature on domestic government adaptation to EU laws, which as binding regulations and decrees overrule domestic laws directly, and as directives still needing national implementation indirectly. Due to the treaties, a major focus of this literature is on market harmonisation and liberalisation. Soft EU interventions like ‘guidelines’ and ‘memoranda’, if freely adopted by national governments, fall under this vector as well, as do the treaties made by governments outside the EU framework, like the 1985 Schengen agreement on open borders.

To tempt these companies into an agreement, it even partially privatised Aerospatiale. Local governments can appeal to European companies to make a common cause, like local authorities in steel regions suffering from declining employment managed to do in 1995. Together with the major European steel companies and the trade unions, they established Caster, a public-private umbrella for steel interests, which fused with Reti in 2002 and is now called Eira. (7) From the national private sector to the European private sector.

Thanks to the vectors they now can broaden or even shift their focus to the EU’s front side and try to get EU laws adapted to their domestic needs instead. The vectors form, however, a schematic model that can never tell the full story of any case of europeanization. Six realistic elements must be added: (1) public-private transactions not across borders, (2) the grey areas of the two dichotomies, (3) the connections between vectors, (4) the wider global level, (5) creeping europeanization and (6) rolling europeanization.