By Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk , Rudolf Hilferding , Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz
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Additional resources for Karl Marx and the Close of His System - Böhm-Bawerk Criticism of Marx - On the Correction of Marx's Fundamental Theoretical Construction in the Third Volume of Capital
Sample text
PAUL M. SWEEZY April 10, iQ4Q. Wilton, N. H. KARL MARX AND THE CLOSE OF HIS SYSTEM BY Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk INTRODUCTION A AN author Karl Marx was enviably fortunate. No one will affirm that his work can be classed among the books which are easy to read or easy to understand. Most other books would have found their way to popularity hopelessly barred if they had labored under an even lighter ballast of hard dialectic and wearisome mathematical deduction. But Marx, in spite of all this, has become the apostle of wide circles of readers, including many who are not as a rule given to the reading of difficult books.
But we can also look at the same facts and data from another point of view. "The aggregate sum of the capital employed in the five spheres is 500; the aggregate sum of the surplus value produced is n o ; and the aggregate value of the commodities produced is 610. If we con- 22 Karl Marx and the Close of His System Capitals I II III IV V Surplus Value Rate, Percent dities sider the 500 as a single capital of which I to V form only different parts (just as in a cotton mill in the different departments, in the carding-room, the roving-room, the spinning-room, and the weaving-room, a different proportion of variable and constant capital exists and the average proportion must be calculated for the whole factory), then in the first place the average composition of the capital of 500 would be 500 = 390c + IIOV, or, in percentages, 78c + 22v.
Nor is it any longer the product of the labor of the carpenter, or the mason, or the spinner, or of any other particular productive industry. With the useful character of the labor products there disappears the useful character of the labors embodied in them, and there vanish also the different concrete forms of these labors. They are no longer distinguished from each other, but are all reduced to identical human labor—abstract human labor. "Let us examine now the residuum. There is nothing but this ghostly objectivity, the mere cellular tissue of undistinguishable human labor, that is, of the output of human labor without regard to the form of the output.