By Anjum Siddiqui
South Asia has develop into a tremendous focal point at the international level with the U.S. army involvement in Afghanistan considering 9-11, the continued trouble over Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan, and India's emergence as a neighborhood financial energy. additionally, the age-old difficulties of South Asia - mass poverty, bad infrastructure, misgovernance, rampant corruption, political uncertainty, and neighborhood wars - upload to the elevated curiosity within the sector. Incorporating the most up-tp-date info to be had, the specialist overseas members to this guide study the economies and geo-political advancements of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. They specialize in 3 center components of significance: alternate and improvement within the post-WTO period of globalization; macroeconomic adjustment and monetary progress; and poverty, governance, the battle on terror, and social symptoms. With its leading edge research, the instruction manual is an important reference for all scholars, researchers, and practitioners facing the quarter.
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Additional info for India And South Asia: Economic Developments in the Age of Globalization
Sample text
In 1990, South Asia’s primary enrollment rate was 90 percent, and only 77 percent among females. With the exception of sub-Saharan Africa, this places South Asia among the worst regions in the provision of primary education, and this disparity further increases at secondary and tertiary (postsecondary) levels. 4 One explanation is that in countries with high levels of government intervention, and even more so in countries with high incidences of corruption, returns from lobbying the government for favors are higher than investments in education.
Pakistan, by far the biggest spender on defense (proportionally to GDP), has a military budget that exceeds its combined health and education budget by a factor of two (UNDP 2003). 1 percent on education in the same year. 1 percent of GDP. 5 percent of GDP per year and is equivalent to the cost of providing universal elementary education in India (Reddy 2004). While both countries blatantly hide defense expenditures in the name of secrecy, according to one Indian estimate more than 3,000 public housing units could be built for the price of one nuclear warhead, and expenditures required to develop India’s “minimum” deterrent could meet 25 percent of the yearly costs of sending every Indian child to school.
Not all LDCs can experience similar benefits with an equivalent amount of aid. Many factors are cited as necessary for aid to have real effects. Among these, good governance and lack of corruption occupy central importance. A case in point is the banking sector reform loan of US$300 million taken by the Pakistan government from the World Bank in 2001. The primary interest of the Pakistan government was to acquire this money for shoring up its acute balance of payment difficulties and shortages of foreign exchange reserves, and not so much to reform the banks.