By Jay Kinsbruner
16 international locations emerged from the violent and cataclysmic wars in Spanish the United States within the early 19th century. In overturning Spain's regulate of the Americas, such nice army leaders as Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin unleashed either civil wars and revolutions among 1810 and 1824. the liberators set themselves as much as govern the hot states they created yet fast failed as rulers. They succumbed, partially, to alter caused by independence itself -- a brand new political order. army campaigns directed opposed to Spain cut up the colonists into royalists and patriots, leading to a decade of civil wars. The newly shaped international locations at the same time embraced capitalism and liberalism, yet divisions endured over the aim of presidency, economics, and society. truly specified by this account is an insightful interpretation of a pivotal period in international background. The turbulent background of the independence hobbies is determined forth with recognition to key figures and their ideologies, neighborhood alterations, and the legacy of the wars of independence.
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Extra resources for Independence in Spanish America: civil wars, revolutions, and underdevelopment
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At the same moment that trade was liberalized, the crown expanded the powerful state-run tobacco monopoly, the tobacco estanco, which controlled the manufacture and distribution of tobacco products. Estancos had been established in Cuba, Peru, and Mexico prior to the introduction of freedom of trade, and others were added in 1778. The monopoly successfully produced revenue for the royal treasury. Tobacco growing was not monopolized, although prices were administratively fixed, and in Mexico, and almost certainly elsewhere, the estanco extended credit to tobacco growers, especially to cover labor costs.
Nevertheless, the wars were also revolutionary. I came of age as a historian at a time when many, and perhaps most, influential professors of American history denied that the American war for independence was a revolution. This was a pointed rebuff of J. Franklin Jameson's remarkable The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement. 3 Jameson arguedpersuasively, it seems to me nowthat American independence Page xiv was revolutionary because it unleashed social changes, even if such was not the intent of the main proponents of independence.
The month before the decree was announced a leading government official, José Santiago Portales, presented the junta with an analysis of the economic, cultural, and political situation of Chile, observing that since free trade in itself would leave Chile at an international disadvantage, its manufacturing and agricultural base should be developed. He counseled that manufactures competitive with European products should be emphasized, singling out the production of linen. In fact, the free-trade decree did give special attention to linen production.