By A.F.J. van Raan (Eds.)
Quantitative experiences of technology and expertise signify the study box of usage of mathematical, statistical, and data-analytical equipment and strategies for accumulating, dealing with, examining, and predicting quite a few positive factors of the technological know-how and know-how firm, equivalent to functionality, improvement, and dynamics. the sphere has either strongly built utilized examine in addition to simple learn features. The critical objective of this guide is to offer this wide selection of themes in enough intensity to offer readers a pretty systematic figuring out of the area of up to date quantitative experiences of technological know-how and expertise, a website which includes conception, equipment and strategies, and purposes. In addressing this area, the instruction manual goals at diversified teams of readers: these carrying out examine within the box of technological know-how and know-how, together with (graduate) scholars, and those that are to exploit result of the paintings awarded during this ebook
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Additional resources for Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology
Example text
G. Leuin these two methods produce similar r e s u l t s , we focus on the simpler, compound Poisson estimator. More formally, assuming that publications are independent e v e n t s , and that λ, the latent publication rate for an a r b i t r a r y time period, is constant over the interval t, the number of time periods studied, X, the publication count, can be described by the Poisson probability distribution X(At) r e"U Pr(X=r) r! where e is the exponential function and Xt is the expected (mean) number of publications in the period studied.
Retirement rates have altered in recent years, not only because of the hiring bulges of the 1960s but also because of a change in the law concerning mandatory retirement. The growth in additional university slots which could offset the retirement slow-down has not been forthcoming because of demographic patterns and a slackening of interest in higher education. The realization that the scientific community is aging has prompted renewed interest in the question of the effect of the aging process on the productivity of the scientific community.
As the scientist ages and the future becomes shorter, the present value of the rewards that research generates declines and the scientist has less incentive to be productive. Not surprisingly, different policy prescriptions follow from the three approaches. On a pessimistic-optimistic scale, the psychological perspective is the most grim since it does not yet seem feasible to consider grey matter transfusions to augment the creative juices of older scientists. E. G. Levin optimistic policy scenarios.