By Gwen J. Broude
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Extra resources for Growing Up: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia (Encyclopedias of the Human Experience)
Example text
Expelling the Placenta Infection is a common cause of complications when a woman has given birth and it can be caused by the retention of pieces of placenta. Women across cultures, therefore, are concerned that the placenta be expelled cleanly and quickly after a baby has been delivered. In Japan, atten- dants at a Takashima birth try to aid the expulsion of the placenta by gagging the woman with a wooden spoon handle. When her infant has been delivered, a Mixtecan woman promotes the expulsion of the placenta by blowing in a bottle and chewing mint seasoned with salt.
Truk girls get into fights with boys and with each other. One girl may hit another for refusing to share a coconut. Or a girl might smack a boy who had come over and beat her up for no particular reason while she was playing on the beach. Children across cultures may sometimes be tempted to display aggression toward their parents. Parent-directed aggression is tolerated in some places but considered unacceptable in others. Once they are weaned, Banoi children find themselves displaced by the youngest baby in the household, who from then on has a monopoly on the attention of the parents.
Societies may also explicitly prevent certain people from attending a birth. Special rules regarding the participation of the expectant father at the birth of his child are also common. Often, the husband's or wife's relatives will come to a birth. Perhaps some close friends or neighbors may also be present. The woman's female relatives or mother-in-law are sometimes singled out as mandatory attendants. Among the Gusii of Kenya, the presence of a woman's mother-in-law is required at the birth of a baby.