By Konrad Reif
The demand environmentally appropriate and within your means autos necessitates enormous efforts to advance cutting edge engine options. Technical suggestions equivalent to gas direct injection helped to save lots of gasoline as much as 20 % and decrease CO2-emissions. Descriptions of the cylinder-charge regulate, gasoline injection, ignition and catalytic emission-control structures presents entire evaluation of today´s gas engines. This publication additionally describes emission-control structures and explains the diagnostic structures. The e-book offers details on engine-management-systems and emission-control regulations.
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4 can switch between two different ram tubes. In the lower speed range, the changeover flap (1) is closed and the intake air flows to the cylinders through the long ram tube (3). At higher speeds and with the changeover flap open, the intake air flows through the short, wide diameter ram tube (4), and thus contributes to improved cylinder charge at high engine speeds. Dynamic supercharging 6 5 41 Fig. 5 1 Cylinder 2 Ram tube (short intake tube) 3 Resonance chamber 4 Tuned intake tube 5 Manifold chamber 6 Throttle valve 7 Changeover flap 4 7 3 2 A B Cylinder group A Cylinder group B a Intake-tube conditions with changeover flap closed Intake-tube conditions with changeover flap open 1 a A B b b 4 Tuned-intake-tube systems Opening the resonance flap switches in a second tuned intake tube.
This results in the best possible charge and with it a good torque curve. Cylinder-charge control systems Adjustment of the exhaust camshaft In addition, it is possible with systems in which the exhaust camshaft is also adjustable to adjust the proportion of residual gas by choosing the point at which the exhaust valve closes. This facilitates a largely isolated adjustment of optimal charge with fresh gas (Intake Closes) and residual-gas content. 1 Exhaust (invariable) Alternation in the lower and middle engine-speed ranges In the lower and middle engine-speed ranges, the narrower valve gap associated with a small valve lift results in a higher admission speed and better swirling of the charge gas (in the case of gasoline direct injection) or of the air/fuel mixture (in the case of manifold injection).
Alternative fossil fuels include liquified petroleum gas, natural gas, synfuels (synthetic liquid fuels) created from natural gas, and hydrogen produced from natural gas. Regenerative fuels include methane, methanol and ethanol, provided these fuels are created from biomass. Further biomassbased regenerative fuels are sunfuels (synthetic liquid fuels) and biodiesel. Hydrogen extracted by electrolysis is then classed as regenerative if the current used comes from renewable sources (wind energy, solar energy).