By Wilbur Applebaum
With remarkable insurance of the profound alterations within the nature and perform of technology in 16th and secenteenth century Europe, this finished reference paintings addresses the vast sweep of people, rules and associations that outlined tradition during this so much influential age - while the trendy conception of nature and the universe and our position in it really is acknowledged to have emerged. This quantity has been in particular designed to acquaint the reader with contemporary insights into the advance of medical rules of their social and highbrow thoughts. additionally integrated are entries on contemporaneous topics similar to philosophy, faith, magic, know-how and drugs which echoed the alterations occuring.
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Additional info for Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities)
Sample text
In the 1660s, members referred simply to “the Company that meets in the Royal Library” and pledged not to divulge its activities to outsiders, except with the permission of the company; they issued early anatomical and astronomical findings anonymously, in pamphlets and in articles to the Journal des sçavans. But in 1671 Perrault and Jean Picard (1620–1682) inaugurated a series whose large format and lavish illustrations were the envy of the learned world. That series encompassed a comparative anatomy of exotic animals from the Versailles menagerie, mathematical treatises, and natural history of rare plants, as well as a report on the measurement of the earth.
Ca. 1678), Picard, Cassini, and Huygens took the measure of the heavens and of the earth. The voyage of Jean Richer (1630–1696) to Cayenne in 1672, designed to test Huygens’s clocks, called into question whether the earth was perfectly spherical. Systematic observations of the satellites of Jupiter prompted the announcement in 1676 by Ole Römer (1644–1710) of the finite propagation of light, which, in turn, confirmed Huygens’s views about the nature and finite speed of light (1678, 1690). Building on Huygens’s previous studies of Saturn, Cassini identified four additional satellites (1671, 1672, 1684) and perceived that the planet was circled by two rings, thereby confirming its variable aspect (1675).
It fell, therefore, to the ministers in charge of the Academy to oversee its functioning. They were the chief minister, Colbert; the minister of state and war, Louvois; and the finance minister, Pontchartrain. In the name of the king and in consultation with academicians, these three successively appointed members and fixed their annual pay, proposed and approved research, admonished or praised academicians, arranged publication of books at the royal press, and authorized expenditure on research and travel.