By Jennifer Speake, Thomas Goddard Bergin, Thomas Goddard Bergin
Exploring the interval of transition from medieval to trendy occasions, Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation, Revised version covers all facets of the eu Renaissance and Reformation, from visible arts and structure to philosophy, faith, and politics. In a few 2,100 A-to-Z entries, this accomplished reference offers precise details on 3 centuries that experience outlined the form of recent Western civilization. The scope of this encyclopedia is the 14th, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, in which time the pivotal occasions of the Renaissance and Reformation happened, irrevocably altering the future's direction. during this version, the editors have considerably extended assurance of faith in addition to normal curiosity subject matters equivalent to the function of ladies, drawing, households, nutrients and cookery, literacy, libraries, and trip. in addition to the addition of considerable new fabric emphasizing the hot findings of cultural historians, the textual content has been up to date and revised all through, considering the latest scholarship. Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation, Revised variation is whole with a brand new creation, chronology, and bibliography, in addition to a complete index, nearly a hundred black-and-white pictures, and an insert of 20 full-color photographs. An authoritative paintings for college students and execs alike, the encyclopedia is an obtainable reference written with the non-specialist in brain.
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Consequently most scholars worked unthinkingly within the confines of Aristotelianism, and even those wishing to break free often found they could do no more than modify its basic structure. In many areas Aristotelian principles emerged from the Renaissance unscathed. When, for example, Isaac Newton entered Cambridge in 1661 he studied as an undergraduate Aristotelian physics, logic, rhetoric, ethics, and metaphysics. Missing from the list are astronomy and cosmology, the first discplines, under the influence of COPERNICUS, GALILEO, and KEPLER, to break away from their classical assumptions.
With its insistence upon free will and the denial of the concepts of PREDESTINATION and irresistible grace, Arminianism was anti-Calvinistic and in Holland found expression in the sect of REMONSTRANTS, whose doctrines were set out in the Remonstrance of 1610. Suspected of proSpanish sympathies, the Dutch Arminians suffered bitter persecution after the Calvinists’ triumph at the Synod of DORT (1618–19). “Arminianism” was also the name used by English Puritans to describe the doctrines of William Laud who, like the Dutch Arminians, adopted an explicitly antiCalvinistic policy.
Here his lifelong love of politi- Argyropoulos, John (c. 1415–1487) Byzantine scholar He was born into a noble family in Constantinople, where he became a priest. His first visit to Italy was before 1434; in that year he was lecturing at Padua on the works of Aristotle. In 1439 he attended Emperor John Palaeologus at the Council of FLORENCE. By 1441 he was back in Constantinople, but he returned to Italy in 1442, when he became rector of Padua university. Cosimo de’ MEDICI was one of his patrons and he was tutor to Piero, Cosimo’s son, and to Lorenzo de’ MEDICI.