By Neil Caplan, Philip Mattar, Charles E. Butterworth, Michael R. Fischbach, Eric Hooglund, Laurie King-Irani, John Ruedy
The second one version of this encyclopedia (four-volume set, 2004) covers the trendy historical past of the center East and North Africa, with significant sections on Colonialism and Imperialism, the area Wars, the Israeli-Palestinian clash, and the United international locations involvement within the sector.
Read Online or Download Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (2nd Edition) PDF
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Example text
ASHRAF GHANI ABD AL-RAHMAN, UMAR [1938–] Religious Muslim leader sentenced to life in prison for his role in the attack on the World Trade Center in 1993. An Egyptian Muslim militant and spritual leader of al-Gama a al-Islamiyya, also known as the Islamic Group, Umar Abd al-Rahman was born in the Dakahliyyah province, south of Cairo, in 1938. He was educated at al-Azhar University, where he earned a doctorate in Islamic theology in 1965 and later became a lecturer. Abd al-Rahman’s agitating religious sermons in which he challenged the legitimacy of Egypt’s rulers (Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak) provoked frequent arrest and imprisonment.
France seized Tunisia in 1881; Britain, Egypt in 1882. Although neither territory had been under Ottoman control, the losses indicated the empire’s weakness to both the Europeans and the Ottomans. In 1886 that weakness forced the Ottomans to accept the de facto unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The European powers also compelled administrative changes in Macedonia and eastern Anatolia. In eastern Anatolia, the powers did not bring about significant changes, despite strong sentiment in the West in favor of Armenian independence.
The bill came due under Abdülaziz. Famine in Anato- Financial disaster turned European governments, always protective of bondholders, against Abdülaziz. Restive bureaucrats, reformers, and those who feared the effects of subservience to Russia already were against him. Popular resentment at weak Ottoman responses to the slaughter of Muslims by Serbian rebels in Bosnia added to the sultan’s difficulties. On 30 May 1876, Abdülaziz was deposed in favor of Murat V. On 5 June he committed suicide. E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 25 ABDUL-AZIZ BIN BAZ, SHAYKH See also Crimean War; Mustafa Res¸id; Tanzimat.