Encyclopedia Of The Enlightenment (Facts on File Library of by Peter Hanns Reill, Ellen Judy Wilson

By Peter Hanns Reill, Ellen Judy Wilson

The authors truly determine and speak about the foremost humans, topic fields, phrases, kinds, works, and ecu destinations very important in background from the overdue 1600s to 1800. americans resembling Franklin, Jefferson, and Paine are incorporated. particular literary, musical, and inventive achievements contain Rousseau's Confessions, Mozart's "The Magic Flute," and Goethe's Faust. The extra long definitions of phrases comparable to the French Revolution, classicism, or rococo will be necessary as they're extra concise than these discussions present in the numerous books written at the similar subject. Black-and-white images aids in amassing curiosity yet is a unhappiness for the artworks. A time period in all uppercase letters exhibits a go reference either in the textual content and within the chronology. The specific index is outlined in a tiny font and contains pass references. Claudia Moore, W. T. Woodson highschool, Fairfax, VA

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The authors in actual fact determine and speak about the main humans, topic fields, phrases, kinds, works, and eu destinations vital in historical past from the overdue 1600s to 1800. american citizens reminiscent of Franklin, Jefferson, and Paine are integrated. particular literary, musical, and inventive achievements contain Rousseau's Confessions, Mozart's "The Magic Flute," and Goethe's Faust.

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The English kings attempted to gain as much control over the church administration as possible. By the 14th century, they had succeeded in gaining the right to appoint bishops to episcopal sees in spite of the opposition of the papacy. In addition, the statutes of Praemunire (1353, 1365, and 1393) had forbidden the introduction into England of papal decrees (bulls or excommunications) from Rome. Violations of these statutes were punishable according to the king’s pleasure. When Henry VIII (1509–47) succeeded in having the English Parliament pass the Act of Supremacy (1534) that separated the government of the English church from Rome, he was to a great extent merely codifying and formalizing conditions that had existed for many years.

He had prepared himself for high office by obtaining a series of lesser posts as a young man. He served as councillor in the Parlement of Paris (royal court of justice), member of the Council of State (1720), royal intendant in the province of Hainaut (1721), chancellor for the duke of Orleans, member of the Royal Council, and finally, in November 1744, minister of foreign affairs. D’Argenson assumed his ministerial post during the military and diplomatic upheavals engendered by the WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION.

Calonne immediately alienated the notables (clergy and nobility) by attacking their tax exemptions. The assembly accused Calonne of favoring despotic central rule, but reluctantly agreed to accept the principle of equal liability for taxation. However, it refused to accept Calonne’s specific proposals and also rejected the idea of a representative body in which all deputies, whatever their rank, would be equal. Consequently, the Assembly of Notables was dismissed in May 1787, having succeeded only in aggravating the antagonism between the aristocracy and the king.

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