By by Mari Jo Buhle (Editor), Paul Buhle
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Sample text
The first people probably arrived from the southwest at least 12,000 years ago, moving north with the big game and the receding glaciers. Food staples by about 4500 BCE included deer, caribou, and sea mammals. Most people may have congregated along the coast, but, owing to the raised sea levels since that period, any sites of early human coastal habitation would be well underwater. With a general warming from about 3000 BCE, the variety of foods in the Northeast increased to include hickory trees, abundant and reliable river fish runs, and many smaller mammals and fowl as well.
People began growing maize in an area from about Kansas City to the Dakotas. They buried their dead in mounds (although, unlike true Hopewell culture, the tombs revealed no status differentiation). Items indicating the presence of vast trade networks, eastward and westward perhaps even to the Pacific Coast, included conch, olivella and dentalium shells, and copper beads. Bows and arrows appeared throughout the Plains early in the first millennium CE. Around 850, as contact increased with neighboring peoples, agricultural settlements became more pronounced throughout the Missouri Valley, although these farmers continued to rely extensively on bison for their food.
Such an idea is hardly universally accepted, even in our time. For one, Steven Pinker, in The Blank Slate, asserted that the same idea was flimsy enough to dismiss without explanation in two words: “1960s granola” (Pinker, 2002, 298). Historically, we stand with Whitman and Stirling. The Encyclopedia of American Indian History attempts to redress assumptions that any single culture is superior to any other. American Indian voices were available to historians in the 1930s; it was, after xx Introduction all, a time of major Native rights assertion under the Indian Reorganization Act, but many non-Native historians seemed not to be listening.