By Subrata Pal
Design of man-made Human Joints & Organs is meant to provide the fundamentals of the traditional platforms and the way, because of getting older, illnesses or trauma, physique elements may have to get replaced with artifical fabrics. The move of the physique generates forces in numerous paintings occasions and likewise internally at numerous joints, muscle tissues and ligaments. it truly is necessary to work out the forces, moments, strain and so forth to layout replacements that deal with those stresses with no breaking down. The mechanical characterization of the difficult and the tender tissues are provided systematically utilizing the rules of reliable mechanics. The viscoelastic homes of the tissue also will mentioned. this article covers the layout technology and method from notion to blueprint to the ultimate part being changed. each one bankruptcy might be a short evaluate of assorted joint/organ alternative structures.
Engineers engaged on synthetic joints and organs, in addition to scholars of Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering are the most meant viewers, even though, the pedagogy is straightforward sufficient in case you are studying the topic for the 1st time.
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Additional resources for Design of Artificial Human Joints & Organs
Example text
The middle zone, in contrast, has round chondrocytes, the highest level of proteoglycan among the four zones, and a random arrangement of collagen. The deep zone is characterized by collagen fibrils that are perpendicular to the underlying bone, and columns of chondrocytes arrayed along the axis of fibril orientation. The calcified zone is partly mineralized and acts as the transition between cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. Considering either three or four layers, based on the depth-related differences in the structural, biochemical, and cellular compositions, it is reasonable to assume that the intrinsic mechanical properties of articular cartilage vary with depth.
The organic phase makes it more pliable and shock-absorbing, which are desirable for athletes. Cancellous bone is actually extremely anisotropic and nonhomogeneous. Cortical bone, on the other hand, is approximately linear elastic, transversely isotropic, and relatively homogenous. The material properties of bone are generally determined using mechanical testing procedures; however, ultrasonic techniques have also been employed. Force-deformation (structural properties) or stress–strain (material properties) curves can be determined using tests.
Fung also proposed a function for defining the elastic response of the material under tension conditions. 3 Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of the fluid’s resistance to flow. The viscosity of water is used as a reference to calculate other fluids’ viscosity and is considered to be 1. The capsule of diarthrodial joints is normally filled with a fluid of viscosity 10 called synovial fluid. This fluid helps to reduce friction and wear of articulating surfaces. Just for comparison, the viscosity of olive oil, for example, is 84 [2].