By F Benedetti; Christoph Stein; et al
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Example text
49 49 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 C. Zöllner · C. 2 Chronic Opioid Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Physical Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 53 54 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 Side Effects . . . . Acute Opioid Application Cardiovascular System . Respiratory System . . Sedation . . . . . Nausea and Vomiting . Cough Suppression . . Pupil Constriction . . Skeletal Muscle Rigidity . Gastrointestinal System . Histamine Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Opioid Receptor Ligands and Sites of Action . Endogenous Ligands . . . . . . . Exogenous Ligands . . . . . . . . Sites of Action . . . . . . . . . Supraspinal and Spinal Sites . . . . . Peripheral Sites . . . . . . . . . Peripheral Opioid Receptors and Inflammation .